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Legal Opportunity Structure
Legal opportunity structure or legal opportunity is a concept found in the study of law and social movements. It was first used in order to distinguish it from political opportunity structure or political opportunity, on the basis that law and the courts deserved to be studied in their own right rather than being lumped together with political institutions.〔Hilson, Chris (2002) 'New Social Movements: The Role of Legal Opportunity' 9(2) ''Journal of European Public Policy'' 238-255.〕 Legal opportunities are made up of: access to the courts, which may be affected in particular by the law on standing or ''locus standi'', and costs rules; 'legal stock' or the set of available precedents on which to hang a case;〔Andersen, Ellen Ann (2005) ''Out of the Closets and Into the Courts: Legal Opportunity Structure and Gay Rights Litigation''. Ann Arbor, University of Michigan Press.〕 and judicial receptiveness. Some of these are more obviously structural than others - hence the term legal opportunity is sometimes preferred over legal opportunity structure.
Legal opportunity has been used as an independent variable to help to explain strategy choice by social movement organisations (SMOs) - e.g. why SMOS adopt litigation rather than protest or political lobbying as a strategy. Other variables or explanatory frameworks it is commonly found alongside include framing,〔Vanhala, Lisa (2011) ''Making Rights a Reality? Disability Rights Activists and Legal Mobilization''. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.〕 resource mobilization and grievance. It can also be employed as a dependent variable.〔Evans Case, Rhonda and Givens, Terri E (2010) 'Re-engineering Legal Opportunity Structures in the European Union? The Starting Line Group and the Politics of the Racial Equality Directive' 48(2) JCMS 221-241.〕
Legal opportunity theory has been applied to a wide range of policy areas which have seen legal mobilization by social movements, including the environmental,〔〔Vanhala, Lisa (2012) 'Legal Opportunity Structures and the Paradox of Legal Mobilization by the Environmental Movement in the UK' 46(3) Law & Society Review 523–556〕 animal rights,〔 women's,〔 LGBT,〔〔〔Wilson, Bruce M, and Rodríguez-Cordero, Juan Carlos (2006) 'Legal Opportunity Structures and Social Movements: The Effects of Institutional Change on Costa Rican Politics' 39(3) ''Comparative Political Studies'' 325-351.〕 labor,〔 civil rights,〔De Fazio, Gianluca (2012) 'Legal Opportunity Structure and Social Movement Strategy in Northern Ireland and Southern United States' 53(1) ''International Journal of Comparative Sociology'' 3-22.〕 human rights,〔Suh, Chan S. (2014) 'Differential Participation in Professional Activism: The Case of the Guantánamo Habeas Lawyers' 19(3) ''Mobilization'' 287-307.〕 and disability movements.〔
== References ==
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